A Historical Bibliography of Philosophy of Religion (according to LLMs, edited by humans)

This was generated by LLMs with a few additions and corrections by me (and you, I hope). I looked it over and corrected anything I thought wrong and improved anything needing improvement; but I cannot vouch that it is absolutely right.

Philosophers and theologians! Please look over the figures you know about. Please post corrections and I will be sure to make them. The more of us look this over, the more it can be useful resource for everyone interested in natural theology.

Plato

Euthyphro (~399 BC). Piety, definition of holiness, divine command, the Euthyphro dilemma, relation between goodness and the gods.
Apology (~399 BC). Divine vocation, the daimonion, Socratic mission, piety versus civic religion.
Phaedo (~385 BC). Immortality of the soul, teleological explanation, divine causation, purification, afterlife.
Republic (~380 BC). The Form of the Good, divine goodness, justice, moral order, mythic eschatology.
Symposium (~385–370 BC). Divine beauty, ascent to the Form of Beauty, immortality, love as participation in the divine.
Timaeus (~360 BC). Demiurge, cosmic teleology, creation and order, providence, world-soul.
Laws (~350 BC). Natural theology, arguments against atheism, divine governance, soul prior to body, impiety and civic religion.

Aristotle

Metaphysics (~350 BC). Natural theology, unmoved mover, divine actuality, simplicity, necessary being.
Physics (~350 BC). Teleology, eternal motion, causation, unmoved mover, divine final causes.
De Anima (~350 BC). Intellect, active intellect, cognition and immateriality, soul-body metaphysics, likeness to the divine.
Nicomachean Ethics (~340 BC). Contemplation of God, divine intellect, highest good, godlike happiness, human flourishing.

Epicurus

Letter to Herodotus (~300 BC). Atomism, cosmology, divine non-intervention, natural explanation of phenomena, critique of teleology.
Letter to Menoeceus (~300 BC). Nature of the gods, fear of death, providence denied, ethical implications of theology.
Principal Doctrines (~300 BC). Divine blessedness, rejection of divine punishment, natural order without providence.

Lucretius

On the Nature of Things (~55 BC). Atomism, denial of providence, critique of design, mortality of the soul, naturalistic cosmology, problem of evil.

Cicero

On the Nature of the Gods (~45 BC). Arguments for and against divine existence, providence, teleology, Stoic natural theology, Epicurean critique.
On Divination (~44 BC). Divine foreknowledge, providence, skepticism about religious signs, rational assessment of religious practice.
On Fate (~44 BC). Divine causation, determinism, foreknowledge, freedom.

Philo of Alexandria

On the Creation (~20 AD). Creation, Logos, divine transcendence, cosmology.
Allegorical Interpretations (~20–40 AD). Allegory, divine attributes, moral ascent, scriptural metaphysics.
On the Cherubim (~20–40 AD). Mediation, Logos, divine powers, negative theology.
On the Unchangeableness of God (~20–40 AD). Divine immutability, divine attributes, transcendence, providential order.
On the Eternity of the World (~20–40 AD; attributed). Eternity versus creation, cosmology, divine causality, philosophical theology of the world’s origin.
On the Special Laws (~20–40 AD). Divine law, providence, moral theology, piety.
On Providence (~20–40 AD). Providence, governance of the world, divine justice, problem of evil.
Who Is the Heir of Divine Things? (~30 AD). Participation in God, Logos, inheritance, perfection.

Seneca the Younger

On Providence (~64 AD). Divine governance, problem of evil, Stoic theodicy, moral order of the cosmos.
Letters on Ethics to Lucilius (~64–65 AD). Divine reason, natural law, providence, rational piety.

Justin Martyr

First Apology (~150–157 AD). Rational defense of monotheism, Logos doctrine, natural knowledge of God, critique of pagan religion.
Second Apology (~150–157 AD). Divine justice, providence, moral argument, rational worship.
Dialogue with Trypho (~160 AD). Natural law, prophecy and reason, divine unity, philosophical apologetics.

Tertullian

Apology (~197 AD). Rational defense of Christian theism, divine justice, critique of pagan gods, natural knowledge of God.
On the Testimony of the Soul (~197–200 AD). Innate awareness of God, natural religion, moral conscience as evidence.
Against Hermogenes (~200–206 AD). Creation ex nihilo, divine causation, metaphysical critique of eternal matter.

Origen

On First Principles (~220–230 AD). Divine attributes, creation, freedom, evil, preexistence of souls, restoration.
Commentary on John (~230–240 AD). Logos Christology, divine revelation, philosophical theology, metaphysical exegesis.
Against Celsus (~248 AD). Apologetics, rational theology, providence, incarnation, pagan religion.

Plotinus

Enneads (~260–270 AD). The One, emanation, divine simplicity, intellect and soul, mystical union, evil, return to God.

Athanasius

Against the Gentiles (~318 AD). Natural theology, critique of paganism, creation, providence.
On the Incarnation (~318 AD). Divine goodness, Logos theology, creation and restoration, rationality of incarnation, salvation.
Orations Against the Arians (~340–346 AD). Divine unity, Christ’s divinity, eternal generation, metaphysics of substance, names and predicates of God.

Gregory of Nyssa

Against Eunomius (~380–390 AD). Divine incomprehensibility, simplicity, Trinitarian metaphysics, names of God.
On the Soul and the Resurrection (~379–380 AD). Immortality, resurrection, theodicy, divine justice.
Life of Moses (~390 AD). Negative theology, moral ascent, vision of God, infinity.
Great Catechism (~385 AD). Incarnation and atonement, resurrection, human nature, providence, salvation’s rational coherence.

Augustine

Soliloquies (386–387). Existence of God, certainty, divine illumination, immortality, ascent of the mind.
Against the Academics (386). Anti-skepticism, certainty, epistemic foundations, divine truth, illumination.
On the Happy Life (386). Highest good, happiness in God, providence, wisdom, participation.
On Order (386). Providence, cosmic order, evil, rational structure of reality, theodicy.
On the Immortality of the Soul (387). Soul–body relation, immortality, immateriality, divine causation.
On Free Choice of the Will (388–395). Free will, problem of evil, divine foreknowledge, moral responsibility, theodicy.
On the Teacher (389). Divine illumination, knowledge, language, inner word, epistemology.
On True Religion (390). Natural theology, divine unity, truth and error, worship of God, critique of paganism.
Confessions (397–400). Divine illumination, creation, eternity and time, providence, knowledge of God.
De Trinitate (399–419). Divine simplicity, Trinity, divine attributes, analogy of mind, knowledge of God.
On the Literal Meaning of Genesis (401/2–416). Creation, divine causality, time, cosmology, nature.
City of God (413–426). Divine providence, creation, evil, history and teleology, critique of pagan theology.

Pseudo-Dionysius

The Divine Names (~500). Divine attributes, goodness, causality, participation, negative theology.
Mystical Theology (~500). Apophatic theology, transcendence, unknowability of God.
Celestial Hierarchy (~500). Mediation, divine order, symbolism, cosmic structure.
Ecclesiastical Hierarchy (~500). Sacramental symbolism, divine mediation, participation, order.
Letters (~500). Divine transcendence, negative theology, divine names, providence, spiritual ascent.

Boethius

The Consolation of Philosophy (524). Divine foreknowledge, providence, eternity, fate, goodness, happiness.
Opuscula Sacra (512–523). Divine simplicity, Trinity, Christology, participation, being and goodness.

John Philoponus

Against Proclus on the Eternity of the World (529). Creation ex nihilo, temporality of the cosmos, divine causation, critique of eternalism.
Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics (~517–529). Motion, causation, time, cosmology, critique of Aristotelian physics.
Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World (~540). Temporal beginning of the world, divine creation, causality, critique of eternalism.
On the Creation of the World (~546–560). Creation ex nihilo, cosmology, time and temporality, divine causation, philosophical exegesis of Genesis.

Avicenna

The Book of Healing (~1010–1027). Necessary being, contingency, divine attributes, cosmology, emanation, intellect.
The Book of Salvation (~1020s). Necessary being, contingency, cosmological reasoning, divine attributes, metaphysics.
Pointers and Reminders (Remarks and Admonitions) (~1030s). Necessity and contingency, divine simplicity, metaphysics, intellect.
Treatise on Love (~1020s–1030s). Love and desire, goodness, emanation, divine perfection.
The Book of Knowledge (Dānish-nāmeh) (~1020s–1030s). Natural theology, metaphysics, cosmology, divine attributes.
On the Origin and the Return (~1020s–1030s). Creation/emanation, providence, soul, eschatology.

Anselm

Monologion (1076). Natural theology, divine attributes, necessity, goodness, simplicity, aseity.
Proslogion (1077–1078). Ontological argument, necessary being, divine perfection, existence of God.
Reply to Gaunilo (1078). Ontological argument, modal reasoning, perfection, existence.
On Truth (1080–1085). Truth, divine truth, epistemology, participation, metaphysics.
On Freedom of Choice (1080–1085). Freedom, moral agency, rectitude of will, responsibility, divine goodness.
On the Fall of the Devil (1085–1090). Angelic freedom, origin of evil, will, privation.
On the Incarnation of the Word (1094). Trinity and Incarnation, divine unity, Christology, philosophical defense of orthodoxy.
Why God Became Man (1094–1098). Incarnation, atonement, divine justice, rational necessity.
On the Procession of the Holy Spirit (1102). Trinity, procession, filioque reasoning, divine relations, metaphysics of origin.
On the Harmony of Foreknowledge, Predestination, and Grace with Free Choice (1107–1108). Foreknowledge, providence, freedom, necessity, grace.

Al-Ghazālī

The Incoherence of the Philosophers (1095). Divine omnipotence, creation in time, causality, critique of necessary emanation, miracles, knowledge of particulars.
The Aims of the Philosophers (1094–1095). Metaphysics of the philosophers, theology, cosmology, epistemology (expository).
Deliverance from Error (~1100–1102). Epistemology, certainty, limits of philosophy, knowledge of God.
The Moderation in Belief (~1095–1100). Divine attributes, creation, providence, eschatology, rational theology.
Revival of the Religious Sciences (~1095–1105). Knowledge of God, divine attributes, providence, teleology, religious epistemology.

Peter Abelard

Sic et Non (~1120–1121). Faith and reason, dialectic in theology, authority and contradiction, logical method.
Theologia Summi Boni (~1120). Trinity, divine unity, rational analysis of doctrine, theological method.
Theologia Christiana (~1123–1124). Trinity, divine attributes, rational theology, doctrinal explanation.
Theologia Scholarium (~1130s). Trinity, divine attributes, theological method, metaphysical framework for doctrine.
Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian (~1136–1139). Natural theology, comparative religion, ethics, reason and revelation.
Ethics (Know Thyself) (~1138–1140). Intention, sin, conscience, moral responsibility, divine law.

Averroes

Decisive Treatise (1179). Philosophy and revelation, obligation of rational inquiry, interpretation, natural theology.
Exposition of the Methods of Proof (1179–1180). Existence of God, divine unity, attributes, providence.
The Incoherence of the Incoherence (1180–1181). Causality, eternity of the world, divine knowledge, providence.
Long Commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics (~1160s–1180s). Natural theology, divine intellect, causation, being and necessity.
Long Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics (~1160s–1180s). Motion, causation, time, eternal motion, cosmology.
Long Commentary on Aristotle’s De Anima (~1170s). Intellect, cognition, immortality, separate intellect.
Long Commentary on Aristotle’s De Caelo (~1160s–1180s). Eternity of the cosmos, celestial intelligences, divine causation.

Maimonides

Guide of the Perplexed (1190). Negative theology, divine attributes, creation, providence, prophecy.
Mishneh Torah (~1170–1180). Divine unity, incorporeality, creation, prophecy, law and reason.
Commentary on the Mishnah (~1161–1168). Divine unity, prophecy, eschatology, resurrection.
Eight Chapters (~1160s). Virtue ethics, moral psychology, divine law, human perfection.
Sefer ha-Mitzvot (~1160s). Divine command, law and reason, theological principles, unity.
Treatise on Resurrection (1191). Resurrection, eschatology, divine power, providence.
Letter on Astrology (1194). Providence, divine causation, critique of astrological determinism, human freedom.

Thomas Aquinas

Summa Contra Gentiles (1259–1265). Existence of God, divine simplicity, divine attributes, creation, providence, miracles, natural reason.
Summa Theologiae (1265–1274). Existence of God, divine attributes, simplicity, goodness, creation, providence, natural law, teleology.
De Ente et Essentia (1252–1256). Being, essence and existence, participation, divine simplicity, metaphysical causation.
Commentary on Boethius’s On the Trinity (Super Boetium De Trinitate) (1258–1259). Faith and reason, divisions of the sciences, natural theology, divine naming and predication, method in metaphysics.
Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate (1256–1259). Truth, divine intellect, knowledge, causation, participation.
Quaestiones Disputatae de Potentia Dei (1265–1266). Divine power, creation, conservation, miracles, causality.
Quaestio Disputata de Anima (~1265–1266). Immortality of the soul, intellect, human nature, dependence on God, creation of the soul.
Quaestiones Disputatae de Malo (~1266–1270). Problem of evil, privation, sin and freedom, divine providence, moral psychology.
On the Eternity of the World (~1270). Creation and time, possibility of an eternal created world, causation, philosophical limits of demonstration.
Treatise on Separate Substances (De Substantiis Separatis) (~1271–1272). Angels and separate intellects, divine causation, cosmology, dependence of creatures, metaphysical theology.
Reasons for the Faith against the Saracens, Greeks, and Armenians (De Rationibus Fidei) (1264). Faith and reason, apologetic method, divine attributes, creation, providence, miracles.

Bonaventure

Itinerarium Mentis in Deum (1259). Natural theology, ascent to God, divine attributes, illumination, creation, exemplarism.
Breviloquium (1257). Creation, divine attributes, providence, metaphysical structure of reality.
Commentary on the Sentences (~1250–1254). Existence of God, divine attributes, creation, causality, illumination.
Collations on the Six Days (Collationes in Hexaëmeron) (1273). Creation, divine ideas, exemplarism, cosmic order, providence, metaphysics of nature.

Duns Scotus

Ordinatio (~1300–1308). Existence of God, univocity of being, divine attributes, infinity, creation, causality, necessity and contingency.
Reportatio Parisiensis (~1302–1307). Natural theology, divine attributes, necessity, contingency, causation, modal metaphysics.
Quaestiones Quodlibetales (~1306–1307). Existence of God, divine will, infinity, providence, modal metaphysics.
De Primo Principio (~1307). Proof of God’s existence, necessary being, infinity, first cause, causal series.
Questions on Aristotle’s Metaphysics (Quaestiones super Metaphysicam) (~1290s–1300s). Univocity and analogy, proofs for God, divine attributes, being and transcendental notions, metaphysical causation.

Meister Eckhart

General Prologue to the Three-Part Work (Prologus generalis in Opus tripartitum) (~before 1310). Being, God as pure actuality, divine causation, metaphysical first principles.
Prologues to the Work of Propositions (Opus propositionum) (~before 1310). Divine being, simplicity, unity, God and being, metaphysical theology.
Commentary on Genesis (~before 1310). Creation, dependence on God, divine causality, being, metaphysical interpretation of Scripture.
Commentary on Exodus (~before 1310). Divine essence, causality, being, creation, metaphysical dependence.
Commentary on John (~before 1310). Divine Logos, procession, creation, metaphysical unity, divine presence.

William of Ockham

Ordinatio (1318). Existence of God, divine attributes, contingency, causality, omnipotence, epistemology, limits of demonstration.
Quodlibetal Questions (1322–1324). Natural theology, divine power, necessity, causation, foreknowledge, modal claims about God.
Treatise on Predestination and God’s Foreknowledge with Respect to Future Contingents (1322–1324). Foreknowledge and freedom, future contingents, divine knowledge, necessity and contingency.

Nicholas of Cusa

On Learned Ignorance (1440). Negative theology, infinity, coincidence of opposites, divine transcendence, cosmology.
On Conjectures (1442). Epistemology, divine incomprehensibility, metaphysical speculation, unity.
On the Peace of Faith (De pace fidei) (1453). Religious diversity, unity of truth, natural theology across religions, divine names, philosophy of religion.
On the Vision of God (1453). Divine infinity, omniscience, knowledge of God, contemplation.
On the Actualized-Possible (De possest) (1460). Divine actuality and possibility, simplicity, metaphysics of being, divine transcendence.
On the Not-Other (1462). Divine simplicity, identity, metaphysics of being, transcendence.
The Hunt for Wisdom (De venatione sapientiae) (1462). Knowledge of God, divine incomprehensibility, metaphysical ascent, divine names and attributes.

Francisco Suárez

Disputationes Metaphysicae (1597). Being, causality, proofs of God, divine attributes, creation, necessity.
De Deo uno et trino (1606). Divine simplicity, attributes, unity, natural theology, causation.
De Legibus (1612). Natural law, divine governance, teleology, providence.

Lord Herbert of Cherbury

De Veritate (~1624). Innate religious ideas, natural religion, epistemology of belief, rational foundations of deism.

René Descartes

Meditations on First Philosophy (1641). Existence of God, ontological argument, divine veracity, causal proof, perfection.
Principles of Philosophy (1644). Divine conservation, creation, laws of nature, metaphysical dependence.

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan (1651). Divine attributes, natural theology, providence, biblical interpretation, civil religion.

Blaise Pascal

Pensées (~1660–1662). Wager argument, hiddenness, natural theology, apologetics, limits of reason.
Provincial Letters (1656–1657). Grace, divine justice, theological method, moral theology.

Baruch Spinoza

Ethics (1677). God and nature, substance monism, necessity, divine attributes, metaphysics.
Theological-Political Treatise (1670). Natural religion, Scripture, divine law, providence, critique of miracles.
Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being (~1661). Divine substance, attributes, necessity, metaphysical theology.

Ralph Cudworth

The True Intellectual System of the Universe (~1678). Arguments for God’s existence, anti-atheism, divine intellect, teleology, metaphysics of causation.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

“Discourse on Metaphysics” (1686). Existence of God, divine wisdom, sufficient reason, providence, creation, substance and final causes.
“Primary Truths” (~1680s). Necessary truths, identity, divine intellect, grounding of truths, metaphysical principles.
“On Freedom” (~1689–1700). Divine foreknowledge, human freedom, necessity, contingency.
“On the Ultimate Origination of Things” (1697). Principle of sufficient reason, existence of God, creation, necessity and contingency, cosmological argument.
“On Nature Itself” (1698). Divine conservation, created forces, teleology, causation, laws of nature.
Correspondence with Arnauld (1686–1687). Substance, divine concurrence, freedom, grace, providence, necessity and contingency.
New Essays on Human Understanding (1704). God, innate ideas, natural theology, divine causation, reason and experience.
Theodicy (1710). Problem of evil, divine justice, best possible world, freedom, providence.
“Monadology” (1714). God as supreme monad, creation, pre-established harmony, necessity and contingency.

John Locke

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689). Proof of God, divine attributes, natural reason, epistemology.
The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695). Natural religion, revelation, Christology, rational theology.

Samuel Clarke

A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (~1705). Cosmological and a priori arguments, necessity of God, divine attributes, causation, infinity.

George Berkeley

Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710). Existence of God, immaterialism, divine causation, perception.
Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713). Proofs of God, idealism, divine perception, causality.
Alciphron (1732). Natural theology, apologetics, divine governance, religious epistemology.

Joseph Butler

The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed (1736). Probabilistic reasoning, providence, natural theology, evidence for revelation, divine governance.

David Hume

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748). Miracles, evidential standards and testimony, causation, limits of reason, religious epistemology.
The Natural History of Religion (1757). Origins of religion, psychology of belief, polytheism and monotheism, superstition and enthusiasm, critique of natural religion.
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779). Design argument, cosmological reasoning, divine attributes, problem of evil, skepticism about natural theology.
“Of Suicide” (~1755). Divine providence, duties to God, natural order and human agency, moral theology critique.
“Of the Immortality of the Soul” (~1755). Soul and personal identity, arguments for immortality, metaphysical and moral critiques of afterlife reasoning.

Immanuel Kant

The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God (1763). Existence of God, critique of ontological proof, modal foundations, necessary being, design considerations.
Dreams of a Spirit-Seer Illustrated by Dreams of Metaphysics (1766). Critique of rationalist metaphysics, spirits and the soul, limits of speculative knowledge, religion and enthusiasm.
Critique of Pure Reason (1781). Limits of natural theology, critique of ontological and cosmological arguments, antinomies of reason, regulative ideals, God as transcendental ideal.
Critique of Practical Reason (1788). Moral argument for God, summum bonum, postulates of practical reason, immortality, moral law and divine justice.
Critique of Judgment (1790). Teleology, purposiveness, design reasoning, reflective judgment, limits of physico-theology.
Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (1793). Rational religion, radical evil, moral regeneration, God as moral governor, grace and ethical community.

Jean-Alphonse Turretin. Dissertations on Natural Theology (1777). Existence of God, divine attributes, providence, natural law, immortality.

Thomas Reid

Lectures on Natural Theology (1780). Proofs of God, divine attributes, providence, moral government, natural religion.
Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785). Knowledge of God, common sense theism, causation, design and order, critique of skeptical arguments.
Essays on the Active Powers of Man (1788). Moral government, conscience and duty, freedom and agency, providence, natural theology and ethics.

Friedrich Schleiermacher

On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (1799). Religious experience, feeling of absolute dependence, apologetics, critique of metaphysical natural theology, intuition of the infinite.
Christmas Eve: Dialogue on the Incarnation (1806). Incarnation, religious consciousness, Christology, community and worship, philosophical theology.
The Christian Faith (1821–1822). Doctrine of God, divine attributes, creation, providence, religious consciousness, redemption.

G. W. F. Hegel

Faith and Knowledge (1802). Critique of Enlightenment religion, reason and faith, absolute spirit, philosophical theology.
Phenomenology of Spirit (1807). Religious consciousness, absolute spirit, incarnation motifs, historical revelation, dialectic of faith and knowing.
Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (~1821–1831). Concept of God, Trinity, revelation, natural religion, speculative theology, reconciliation.

William Paley

Natural Theology (~1802). Design argument, biological complexity, teleology, inference to God, divine craftsmanship.

Arthur Schopenhauer

On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (1813). Causation, necessity, explanation, limits of rational metaphysics, critique of theological inference.
The World as Will and Representation (1818; rev. eds. 1844, 1859). Ultimate metaphysical reality, critique of theism, pessimism, denial of teleology, suffering and salvation motifs.
Parerga and Paralipomena (1851). Religion and metaphysics, pessimism, critique of theism, natural religion, popular philosophy of religion.

Søren Kierkegaard

Fear and Trembling (1843). Faith, divine command, Abraham narrative, teleological suspension of the ethical, obedience to God.
Philosophical Fragments (1844). Incarnation, absolute paradox, revelation, limits of natural theology, eternal truth in time.
Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846). Religious epistemology, subjectivity, faith, limits of speculative reason, Christianity and existence.
The Sickness Unto Death (1849). Sin, despair, selfhood, relation to God, theological anthropology.

John Henry Newman

Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845). Revelation, doctrinal development, historical continuity, rational theology, authority.
Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864). Religious epistemology, conscience, conversion, rational faith, providence.
An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (1870). Religious belief, natural theology, assent, conscience, informal inference.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883–1885). Death of God, critique of metaphysics, revaluation of values, anti-theistic moral psychology.
The Antichrist (1888). Critique of Christianity, morality and religion, genealogy of belief, rejection of traditional theism.

Josiah Royce

The Religious Aspect of Philosophy (1885). Proofs of God, absolute mind, error and truth, religious knowledge, metaphysical theology.
The World and the Individual (1899–1901). The Absolute, individuality, community, metaphysical theology, relation of finite selves to God.
The Problem of Christianity (1913). Community and the beloved community, revelation and interpretation, atonement, church as spiritual organism, philosophical theology.

William James

The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (1897). Religious epistemology, pragmatic justification of belief, faith and evidence, voluntarism.
The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902). Religious experience, conversion, mysticism, psychology of religion, natural religion.
Pragmatism (1907). Truth, religious belief, practical reason, metaphysics, meaning of God-talk.

Rudolf Otto

Naturalism and Religion (1904). Critique of naturalism, irreducibility of religious knowledge, metaphysics and value, limits of scientific reduction.
The Idea of the Holy (1917). Numinous experience, transcendence, holy otherness, phenomenology of religion, “rational” and “non-rational” elements in God-talk.

Karl Barth

The Epistle to the Romans (1919; rev. 1922). Revelation, divine transcendence, judgment and grace, critique of religious and philosophical domestication of God, rejection of natural theology.
Church Dogmatics (1932–1967). Doctrine of God, revelation, divine attributes, creation, providence, Christological grounding of theology, rejection of natural theology.
Nein! (1934). Critique of natural theology, revelation versus “point of contact,” grace, epistemology of God-knowledge.

Alfred North Whitehead

Science and the Modern World (1925). God and nature, critique of materialism, cosmology, teleology, emergence of modern metaphysics.
Religion in the Making (1926). Religious experience, God and value, process account of religion, creativity, natural religion.
Process and Reality (1929). Metaphysical theology, nature of God, creativity, cosmology, dipolar deity, order and novelty.
Adventures of Ideas (1933). Civilization and value, God and the lure of ideals, teleology, religious meaning in history.
Modes of Thought (1938). Cosmology and metaphysics, religious experience, God and value, critique of bifurcation, final causation.

Sigmund Freud

The Future of an Illusion (1927). Psychological naturalization of religion, wish-fulfillment theory, critique of theistic belief, origins of religious practice.

Bertrand Russell

“Why I Am Not a Christian” (1927). Critique of cosmological and moral arguments, evidential standards, skepticism about revelation.

Jacques Maritain

The Degrees of Knowledge (1932). Epistemology, metaphysics, natural theology, kinds of knowledge of God, faith and mysticism in relation to reason.
Existence and the Existent (1947). Act of being, essence and existence, God as pure act, metaphysical causation, Thomism.
Approaches to God (1953). Existence of God, metaphysical ways to God, divine attributes, natural theology and modern objections.

Étienne Gilson

The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy (1932). God and being, metaphysics, medieval natural theology, Thomism, participation and creation.
The Unity of Philosophical Experience (1937). Metaphysical method, limits of philosophical systems, being and God, critique of modern reductions.
God and Philosophy (1941). Proofs of God, knowability of God, God and metaphysics, relation between concept of God and demonstrations.
Being and Some Philosophers (1949). Existence and essence, act of being, metaphysical theology, God as subsistent being.
The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas (1956). Natural theology, proofs of God, divine attributes, creation, Thomistic metaphysics.

C. S. Lewis

The Problem of Pain (1940). Problem of evil, divine goodness, providence, suffering, moral formation.
The Abolition of Man (1943). Moral objectivity, natural law, practical reason, critique of subjectivism, groundwork for moral theism.
Miracles (1947). Naturalism and supernaturalism, divine action, possibility of miracles, causation, rationality of theism.
Mere Christianity (1952). Moral argument, natural law, divine attributes, apologetics, conversion and belief.

Paul Tillich

Systematic Theology (1951–1963). Being and God, God as ground of being, ultimate concern, method of correlation, revelation and symbol.
The Courage to Be (1952). Anxiety and nonbeing, courage, God above God, ground of being, existential theology.
Dynamics of Faith (1957). Faith as ultimate concern, doubt and certainty, symbols of God, religious language, religious epistemology.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Philosophical Investigations (1953). Meaning and use, language-games, forms of life, implications for religious language.
Lectures on Religious Belief (1966). Religious language, certainty, non-evidential commitment, grammar of belief.

John Hick

Faith and Knowledge (1957; rev. 1966). Religious epistemology, faith and evidence, rational belief, verification and eschatology.
Evil and the God of Love (1966; rev. 1977). Theodicy, soul-making, freedom, divine goodness, problem of evil.
God and the Universe of Faiths (1973). Religious pluralism, salvation, revelation, interreligious understanding.
Death and Eternal Life (1976). Afterlife, resurrection and immortality, personal identity, eschatology, religious epistemology.
An Interpretation of Religion (1989). Religious pluralism, the Real, religious experience, conflicting truth-claims, soteriology.
The Metaphor of God Incarnate (1993). Incarnation, Christology, doctrine and interpretation, religious pluralism, philosophical theology.

Antony Flew

God and Philosophy (1966). Presumption of atheism, critique of theistic arguments, burden of proof, religious language.

Alvin Plantinga

God and Other Minds (1967). Rational theism, belief in God and other minds, arguments for God, religious epistemology, evidentialism critique.
The Nature of Necessity (1974). Modal metaphysics, necessity, possible worlds, essences, modal arguments concerning God, divine attributes.
Does God Have a Nature? (1980). Divine simplicity critique, aseity, necessity, divine attributes, metaphysical theology.
Warrant and Proper Function (1993). Proper function epistemology, warrant, externalism, epistemic design plan, foundations for theistic warrant.
Warranted Christian Belief (2000). Religious epistemology, rationality of Christian belief, sensus divinitatis, defeaters, faith and knowledge.
Where the Conflict Really Lies (2011). Science and religion, divine action, evolutionary argument against naturalism, rational belief, natural theology.

William Rowe

The Cosmological Argument (1975). The cosmological argument.

Nicholas Wolterstorff

Reason Within the Bounds of Religion (1976; expanded ed. 1984). Religious epistemology, rationality of Christian belief, evidentialism critique, faith and scholarship.
Divine Discourse: Philosophical Reflections on the Claim that God Speaks (1995). Divine speech, revelation, Scripture, philosophy of language, epistemology.
Justice in Love (2011). Love and justice, forgiveness, human rights, moral theology, divine justice.

Richard Swinburne

The Coherence of Theism (1977). Divine attributes, omnipotence, omniscience, simplicity, necessity, coherence of God-talk.
The Existence of God (1979; rev. 2004). Bayesian natural theology, cosmological argument, design, divine attributes, prior probability and evidence.
Faith and Reason (1981). Religious epistemology, rationality of faith, evidence and probability, revelation and testimony, religious disagreement.
Responsibility and Atonement (1989). Sin and guilt, moral responsibility, punishment and forgiveness, atonement, divine justice and mercy.
Revelation (1992). Divine revelation, testimony, miracle and sign, authority, criteria for revealed doctrine.
The Christian God (1994). Trinity, Incarnation, divine attributes, creation, philosophical theology of Christian doctrine.
Is There a God? (1996). Natural theology, cosmological argument, design, simplicity, basic case for theism.
Providence and the Problem of Evil (1998). Evil, divine governance, freedom, suffering, providence and theodicy.
The Resurrection of God Incarnate (2003). Incarnation, resurrection, miracle claims, historical evidence, philosophical theology.
Was Jesus God? (2008). Christology, Incarnation, divine identity, philosophical theology, historical-theological argument.

William Lane Craig

The Kalam Cosmological Argument (1979). Cosmological argument, beginning of the universe, causation, creation ex nihilo.
The Only Wise God (1987; rev. 2000). Divine foreknowledge, middle knowledge, providence, freedom, necessity and contingency.
Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus (1989). Resurrection, miracle claims, historical evidence, apologetic method, rational justification.
Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology (1993). Creation and cosmology, kalam argument, scientific evidence and metaphysical inference, divine causation.
Time and Eternity: Exploring God’s Relationship to Time (2001). Divine timelessness and temporality, metaphysics of time, creation, providence.
Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview (2003). Natural theology, divine attributes, cosmological and design arguments, moral argument, religious epistemology.
Reasonable Faith (1984; rev. eds. 1994, 2008, 2021). Natural theology, cosmological and design arguments, moral argument, miracles, resurrection, divine attributes.
God and Abstract Objects (2017). Divine aseity, Platonism and nominalism, divine simplicity, metaphysical dependence, creation.

J. L. Mackie

The Miracle of Theism (1982). Systematic critique of arguments for God, problem of evil, cosmological and design arguments, atheistic assessment.

Keith Ward

Rational Theology and the Creativity of God (1982). Coherence of theism, divine attributes, creation, providence, religious epistemology.
Religion and Revelation (1994). Revelation, divine communication, religious experience, epistemology, natural theology.
God, Chance and Necessity (1996). Contingency, cosmological argument, fine-tuning, chance, divine providence.
God: A Guide for the Perplexed (2002). Coherence of theism, divine attributes, God and science, religious experience, natural theology.
The Case for Religion (2004). Rational theism, religious experience, arguments for God, revelation, pluralism.
Why There Almost Certainly Is a God (2008). Cosmological argument, design, moral argument, divine attributes, rational theism.

Peter van Inwagen

An Essay on Free Will (1983). Free will, determinism, moral responsibility, modal argumentation, implications for providence.
Material Beings (1990). Material constitution, persons, souls, resurrection, metaphysics of incarnation and afterlife, theological anthropology.
God, Knowledge, and Mystery: Essays in Philosophical Theology (1995). Divine attributes, providence, foreknowledge, prayer, miracles, God-talk.
The Problem of Evil (2006). Logical and evidential problem of evil, free will, providence, theodicy, suffering.

Robert Adams

The Virtue of Faith and Other Essays in Philosophical Theology (1987). Faith, divine command theory, divine goodness, providence, metaphysical theology.
Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist (1994). Divine choice, best possible world, freedom, necessity and contingency, providence.
Finite and Infinite Goods: A Framework for Ethics (1999). Divine goodness, value theory, theism and ethics, moral obligation, worship.
A Theory of Virtue: Excellence in Being for the Good (2006). Virtue ethics, goodness, theistic value theory, moral realism, perfection.

Paul Helm

Eternal God (1988). Divine eternity, timelessness, foreknowledge, providence, metaphysics of time.
The Providence of God (1994). Divine governance, foreknowledge, freedom, causation, concurrence.

William Alston

Divine Nature and Human Language: Essays in Philosophical Theology (1989). Divine attributes, analogy and metaphor, God-talk, divine action, providence.
Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience (1991). Religious experience, doxastic practices, epistemic justification, competing religious claims, rational theism.

Brian Leftow

Time and Eternity (1991). Divine timelessness, eternity, omniscience, creation, metaphysics of time.
God and Necessity (2012). Divine attributes, modality, necessity and contingency, aseity, perfect being theology.

John Schellenberg

Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason (1993). Argument from hiddenness, nonbelief, perfect love, epistemic access to God.
The Hiddenness Argument (2015). Reformulation and defense, contemporary debate, atheistic challenge to theism.

Graham Oppy

Ontological Arguments and Belief in God (1995). Ontological arguments, modal reasoning, divine attributes, rational assessment of theism.
Arguing About Gods (2006). Critique of natural theology, cosmological and design arguments, theoretical virtues, atheism and theism compared.
Philosophical Perspectives on Infinity (2006). Infinity and paradox, mathematics and metaphysics, cosmology, implications for theism.
The Best Argument against God (2013). Evaluation of theism, atheistic naturalism, explanatory power, overall-case reasoning.
Describing Gods: An Investigation of Divine Attributes (2014). Divine attributes, coherence of theism, perfect being theology, comparative God-concepts.

Eleonore Stump

Aquinas (2003). Divine simplicity, eternity, omniscience, providence, natural theology, Thomistic metaphysics.
Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering (2010). Theodicy, suffering, divine love, providence, narratives and persons.
The God of the Bible and the God of the Philosophers (2016). Classical theism, divine attributes, biblical God, simplicity, philosophical theology.
Atonement (2019). Atonement theories, incarnation, union with Christ, sin and forgiveness, divine justice and love.
The Image of God: The Problem of Evil and the Problem of Mourning (2022). Problem of evil, grief and mourning, divine goodness, suffering, redemption.

David Bentley Hart

The Experience of God (2013). Classical theism, contingency, metaphysical arguments, critique of new atheism.